GEM-CEDAR
Summary
The CEDAR-GEM Challenge was initiated during the Summer 2011 Joint CEDAR-GEM Workshop and is build upon GEM GGCM and CEDAR ETI Challenges. The project focuses on various scientific and operational aspects of magnetosphere and ionosphere models performance and addresses challenges of model-data comparisons and metrics studies (e.g., model output and observational time series preparation for comparison, measurement uncertainty, metrics selection). A list of selected events, lists of physical parameters and available measurements, model output file formats for each metrics study, and submission instructions can be found here.
Main Focuses
Model Validation Projects
- Poynting flux/Joule heating
- Poynting Flux along the DMSP-15 satellite track
- Publications
- Rastätter L., et al. (2016), GEM-CEDAR challenge: Poynting flux at DMSP and modeled Joule heat, Space Weather, 14, 113–135, doi:10.1002/2015SW001238.
- TEC
- Global TEC Study
- Selected Regions:
- Eight longitude sectors:
- 5 deg. geographic longitude sectors 025-030, 090-095, 140-145, 175-180, 200-205, 250-255, 285-290, 345-350 Each longitude has 36 latitude bins of 5 degrees each from -90 to +90.
- Selected Events:
- 2006 Dec. event (2006/12/13 (doy 347) 00:00 UT - 12/16 (doy 350) 00:00 UT)
- Reginal TEC Study
- Selected Regions:
- North American Sector
- European Sector
- Selected Events:
- 2006 Dec. event (2006/12/13 (doy 347) 00:00 UT - 12/16 (doy 350) 00:00 UT)
- 2013 Mar. event (2013/03/16 (doy 075) 00:00 UT - 03/20 (doy 079) 00:00 UT)
- Neutral density/Satellite drag
- Neutral density at CHAMP orbit
- foF2/NmF2 Metrics Study:
- Selected Events:
- List of selected events and data availability [PDF]:prepared by Ioanna Tsagouri (National Observatory of Athens, IAASARS)
- Selected Stations:
- Boulder (40.0°N, 254.7°E)
- Millstone Hill (42.6°N, 288.5°E)
- Wallops Is (37.9°N, 284.5°E)
- Ebre (40.8°N, 0.5°E)
Quantification of the storm effects on Ionosphere-Thermosphere
- Ionosphere-Thermosphere Parameters:
- TEC
- NmF2/foF2
- Neutral density/Satellite drag
- Poynting flux/Joule heating
- Notes on "How to quantify storm impact on the ionosphere and thermosphere" [PDF] and 8 physical processes [PDF], (Tim Fuller-Rowell)
Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis
TBD
Role of drivers
- CCMC initiated collaborative development of an IE (Ionospheric Electrodynamics)-ITM (Ionosphere-Thermosphere-Mesosphere) patch-panel tool, which enables users to swap high-latitude IE drivers of ITM models.
- The tools are based on Kameleon converter and interpolator for 2D ionosphere electrodynamics files to swap ionosphere drivers at any position (geomagnetic latitude and MLT) or on any grid with any time resolution (https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/RoR_WWW/pub/GEM-CEDAR/out/high-latitude-drivers): there are CDF files with SWMF IE, SAM, and AMIE for several selected storm events.
- List of the physical parameters and observational data to be used for “Role of Driver" study
Climatology Assessment of Ionosphere/Thermosphere Models
TBD
Information about the Study
Selected Events
GEM Events
E.2006.348: 2006/12/14 (doy 348) 12:00 UT - 12/16 00:00 UT
2006/12/13 (doy 347) 00:00 UT - 12/16 00:00 UT - for global electron density study (TEC, NmF2 and HmF2)
E.2001.243: 2001/08/31 (doy 243) 00:00 UT - 09/01 00:00 UT
E.2005.243: 2005/08/31 (doy 243) 10:00 UT - 09/01 12:00 UT
E.2005.135: 2005/05/15 (doy 135) 00:00 UT - 05/16 00:00 UT
E.2005.190: 2005/07/09 (doy 190) 00:00 UT - 07/12 00:00 UT
E.2003.302: 2003/10/29 (doy 302) 06:00 UT - 10/30 06:00 UT (optional)
E.2010.095: 2010/04/05 (doy 095) 00:00 UT - 2010/04/06 00:00 UT
E.2011.217: 2011/08/05 (doy 217) 09:00 UT - 2011/08/06 09:00 UT
CEDAR Events
E.2006.348: 2006/12/14 (doy 348) 12:00 UT - 12/16 (doy 350) 00:00 UT
2006/12/13 (doy 347) 00:00 UT - 12/16 (doy 350) 00:00 UT - for global electron density study (TEC, NmF2 and HmF2) (GEM event 2)
E.2001.243: 2001/08/31(doy 243) 00:00 UT - 09/01 (doy 244) 00:00 UT (GEM event 3)
E.2005.243: 2005/08/31 (doy 243) 10:00 UT - 09/01 (doy 244) 12:00 UT (GEM event 4)
E.2007.091: 2007/04/01 (doy 091) 00:00 UT - 04/02 (doy 092) 12:00 UT
E.2007.142: 2007/05/22 (doy 142) 12:00 UT - 05/25 (doy 145) 00:00 UT
E.2008.059: 2008/02/28 (doy 059) 12:00 UT - 03/01 (doy 061) 12:00 UT
E.2007.079: 2007/03/20 (doy 079) 00:00 UT - 03/22 (doy 081) 00:00 UT
E.2007.190: 2007/07/09 (doy 190) 00:00 UT - 07/10 (doy 191) 00:00 UT
E.2007.341: 2007/12/07 (doy 341) 00:00 UT - 12/09 (doy 343) 00:00 UT
Recent Events
03/08 - 03/11, 2012
07/14 - 07/20, 2012
Selected Physical Parameters
Ionosphere/Thermosphere models or coupled model components:
- Global Electron Density (newly added):
- TEC from ground-based GPS in eight 5° geographic longitude sectors
- NmF2 from COSMIC in eight 5° geographic longitude sectors
- hmF2 from COSMIC in eight 5° geographic longitude sectors
- Vertical and horizontal drifts at Jicamarca (VperpN and VperpE)
- Neutral density at CHAMP orbit (Nden)
- Electron density at CHAMP orbit (Eden)
- NmF2 from LEO satellites (CHAMP and COSMIC) and ISRs
- HmF2 from LEO satellites (CHAMP and COSMIC) and ISRs
- Temperature Tn obtained by Fabry-Perot Spectrometer at 250 km (Arrival height, Antarctica; Resolute Bay, Canada)
- Neutral winds obtained by Fabry-Perot Spectrometer at 250 km (Arrival height, Antarctica; Resolute Bay, Canada)
- Ne at 300 km (Millstone Hill, Sondrestrom, EISCAT, Svalbard ISRs).
- Te at 300 km (Millstone Hill, Sondrestrom, EISCAT, Svalbard ISRs).
- Ti at 300 km (Millstone Hill, Sondrestrom, EISCAT, Svalbard ISRs).
- Ion vertical velocity at Sonderstrom ISR
Geospace models or coupled model components:
- Magnetic field at geosynchronous orbit
- Ground magnetic perturbations
- DST index
- Auroral oval position (high latitude boundary)
- Auroral oval position (low latitude boundary)
- Notes on how auroral boundaries are defined from observations [PDF] (prepared by Y. Zheng).
Parameters along DMSP tracks
- Poynting flux (Joule heating) into ionosphere along DMSP tracks
- Plasma Velocity (Vx - along track, Vy cross track, Vz - vertical)
Additional time series in support of simulations results analysis
- Cross polar cap potential (northern and southern hemisphere)
- Joule heating (or Poynting flux) integrated over each hemisphere in GW.
Ionosphere: Available Measurements/Stations/Locations
Notes: the links below contain no data - only trajectories/locations.
Magnetosphere: Available Measurements/Stations/Locations
Notes: the links below contain no data - only trajectories/locations.
Event | Magn. field at geosync. orbit | Ground magn. perturb's | DST | Auroral oval | Poynting flux | Plasma velocity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E.2006.348 | GOES11 GOES12 | ABK FRD FRN FUR HRN IQA MEA NEW OTT PBQ WNG YKC | DMSP | DMSP | ||
E.2001.243 | GOES08 GOES10 | ABK FRD FRN FUR IQA MEA NEW OTT PBQ WNG YKC | DMSP | DMSP | ||
E.2005.243 | GOES10 GOES12 | ABK FRD FRN FUR HRN MEA NEW OTT PBQ WNG YKC | DMSP | DMSP | ||
E.2005.135 | GOES12 GOES11 | ABK FRD FRN FUR HRN IQA MEA NEW OTT PBQ WNG YKC | DMSP | DMSP | ||
E.2005.190 | GOES12 GOES11 | ABK FRD FRN FUR HRN IQA MEA NEW OTT PBQ WNG YKC | DMSP | DMSP | ||
E.2003.302 | GOES10 GOES12 | ABK FRD FRN FUR HRN IQA MEA NEW OTT PBQ WNG YKC | DMSP | DMSP |
Model Output File Format Description
Model output files should be in ASCII text format. Each file size should not exceed 1Mb. Full path name to the input file at your local disk should not contain any blank spaces or quotation marks. On DOS/Windows systems the recommended extension for the input file name is "txt".
The following file formats for model outputs for different physical parameters studies are expected:
See file format description for Ionosphere/Thermosphere models or coupled model components
See file format description for Magnetosphere models or coupled model components
Submission Instructions (submission is not available any more)
Determine the Model Setting
Check if the model setting is already registered with the CCMC. If not, submit your NEW model setting on the challenge website.
File Formats
Please check file formats for model outputs before you proceed with their submission.
For ALL studies EXCEPT global TEC, NmF2, hmF2
Submit the model results for this model setting on the challenge website.
For global TEC, NmF2 and/or hmF2 studies only
Please upload the model results to CCMC's anonymous ftp server (hanna.ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov), into the subdirectory with the name of your model setting.
E.g., for model setting N_MODELNAME you should upload files into subdirectory:
pub/GEM-CEDAR/in/E.2006.347-2006.349/TEC/N_ModelName
pub/GEM-CEDAR/in/E.2006.347-2006.349/NmF2/N_ModelName
pub/GEM-CEDAR/in/E.2006.347-2006.349/hmF2/N_ModelName
For example:
ftp anonymous@hanna.ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov
cd pub/GEM-CEDAR/in/E.2006.347-2006.349/hmF2/N_ModelName
put command should upload the files.
Model output file naming convention
- Name of model output files to be submitted should follow the specific format shown below:
PhysicalParameter_Location_ModelSetting_StartYear.StartDoyOfTheEvent-EndYear.EndDoyOfTheEvent.txtFor example: TEC_lon_025_1_CTIPE_2006.347-2006.349.txt- TEC: physical parameter which can be NmF2 or hmF2
- lon_025: location which is positive 3 digit longitude (first longitude of the bin)
- 1_CTIPE: model setting ID
- 2006.347: start year (4 digits).start doy (3 digits)of the event
- 2006.349: end year (4 digits).end doy (3 digits) of the event
- Each model output file should include data for whole three days of the event at a given longitude (one of selected eight longitude slices: 025-030, 090-095, 140-145, 175-180, 200-205, 250-255, 285-290, 345-350)
Simulation Results Analysis Tools
View Ionosphere/Thermosphere Results via the Time-series Plotting Tool
VprepN/VperpE | Nden | Eden | NmF2 | HmF2 | Tn | Un/Vn/Wn | Ne300 | Te300 | Ti300 | Wi300 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E.2006.348 | Jicamarca | CHAMP | CHAMP | COSMIC1 | CHAMP | Resolute_Bay_E | Resolute_Bay_E | Millstone_Hill | Millstone_Hill | Millstone_Hill | Sondrestrom |
E.2001.243 | Jicamarca | CHAMP | CHAMP | no data available | no data available | ||||||
E.2005.243 | Jicamarca | CHAMP | CHAMP | CHAMP | CHAMP | ||||||
E.2005.135 | Jicamarca | CHAMP | CHAMP | CHAMP | CHAMP | Sondrestrom | Sondrestrom | Sondrestrom | Sondrestrom | ||
E.2005.190 | Jicamarca | CHAMP | CHAMP | CHAMP | CHAMP | Arrival_Heights_E | Arrival_Heights_E |
View Magnetosphere Results via the Time-series Plotting Tool
Event | Magn. field at geosync. orbit | Ground magn. perturb's | DST | Auroral oval | Poynting flux | Plasma velocity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E.2006.348: 2006/12/14 (doy 348) 12:00 UT - 12/16 00:00 UT 2006/12/13 (doy 347) 00:00 UT - 12/16 00:00 UT - for global electron density study (TEC, NmF2 and HmF2) | GOES11 GOES12 | ABK FRD FRN FUR HRN IQA MEA NEW OTT PBQ WNG YKC | USGS KYOTO | northern hemisphere southern hemisphere | DMSP | DMSP |
E.2001.243: 2001/08/31 (doy 243) 00:00 UT - 09/01 00:00 UT | GOES08 GOES10 | ABK FRD FRN FUR IQA MEA NEW OTT PBQ WNG YKC | USGS KYOTO | northern hemisphere southern hemisphere | DMSP | DMSP |
E.2005.243: 2005/08/31 (doy 243) 10:00 UT - 09/01 12:00 UT | GOES10 GOES12 | ABK FRD FRN FUR HRN MEA NEW OTT PBQ WNG YKC | USGS KYOTO | northern hemisphere southern hemisphere | DMSP | DMSP |
E.2005.135: 2005/05/15 (doy 135) 00:00 UT - 05/16 00:00 UT | GOES12 GOES11 | ABK FRD FRN FUR HRN IQA MEA NEW OTT PBQ WNG YKC | USGS KYOTO | northern hemisphere southern hemisphere | DMSP | DMSP |
E.2005.190: 2005/07/09 (doy 190) 00:00 UT - 07/12 00:00 UT | GOES12 GOES11 | ABK FRD FRN FUR HRN IQA MEA NEW OTT PBQ WNG YKC | USGS KYOTO | northern hemisphere southern hemisphere | DMSP | DMSP |
E.2003.302: 2003/10/29 (doy 302) 06:00 UT - 10/30 06:00 UT | GOES10 GOES12 | ABK FRD FRN FUR HRN IQA MEA NEW OTT PBQ WNG YKC | USGS KYOTO | northern hemisphere southern hemisphere | DMSP | DMSP |
List of Runs for the ionosphere/thermosphere studies performed at the CCMC
List of Runs for the magnetosphere studies performed at the CCMC
Challenge Status
GEM Modeling Challenge Status
CDAR-ETI and GEM-CEDAR Modeling Challenge Status
Presentations
CEDAR-GEM Modeling Challenge Meeting at the 2017 CEDAR Workshop
- Ionosphere Working Team Report [PDF]of the iCCMC-LWS meeting held in April, 2017: Ludger Scherliess (USU)
- Validation of modeled ionospheric properties during geomagnetic storms:
- Global & Regional TEC [PDF]: Ludger Scherliess (USU)
- NmF2/foF2, hmF2, and TEC [PDF]: Ioanna Tsagouri (NOA)
- Scintillation [PDF]: Endawoke Yizengaw (to be presented by Cesar Valladares) (BC)
- GPS TEC measurements [PDF]: Anthea Coster (MIT)
- Wind measurements and season dependent high-latiude ion-neutral coupling (data, models, and validation): Douglas Drob and Manbharat Dhadly (NRL)
CEDAR-GEM Modeling Challenge meeting at the 2016 GEM min-Workshop:
- Modeling challenges in Ionospheric/Thermospheric disturbances
- "Modeling the evening ionospher e with data assimilation techniques during pre-storm and storm days of March 2015" [PDF]: Charles Lin (National Cheng Kung Uni v.)
- "Longitudinal variability of scintillation" [PDF]: Endawoke Yizengaw (Boston College)
- Validation of TEC
- "Plasmasphere contribution to GNSS TEC" [PDF]: Endawoke Yizengaw (Boston College)
- Effects of high latitude drivers on Ionosphere/Thermosphere
- "Field-Aligned Current R esponses to Changing Solar Indices and Solar Wind Electric Field" [PDF]: Thom Edwards (Virginia Tech)
GSM Modeling Methods and Validation at the 2016 GEM min-Workshop:
CEDAR-GEM Modeling Challenge meeting at the 2016 Joint GEM-CEDAR Workshop:
- Review of the status of the CEDAR-GEM Model Validation Challenge projects [PDF], Ja Soon Shim (GSFC/CCMC)
- Introduction to GEM Ionospheric Conductance Challenge [PPTX], Mike Liemohn (U-M)
- Challenges related to observational data availability and how to address these challenges for specific model validation projects
- Challenges in Data Availability for Model Validation [PPTX], Yongliang Zhang (APL)
- AMPERE-PFISR Study of Field-Aligned Currents and Conductivities [PPTX], Robert Robinson (CUA)
- Quantification and validation of phenomena in the auroral region
- Precipitation into the Ionosphere [PPTX], Lutz Rastaetter (GSFC/CCMC)
- Poynting Flux /FAC from DMSP [PDF], Delores Knipp/Liam Kilcommon (CU)
- Validation and metrics selection for auroral boundaries specification and predictions
- FUV Auroral Images/Products for Model Validation [PPTX], Yongliang Zhang (APL)
- FAC validation in global MHD [PDF], Slava Merkin (APL)
- Quantification and validation of storm-driven ionospheric/thermospheric disturbances
- SAMI3/RCM Modeling of storms [PDF], Joe Huba (NRL)
- ISR-based climatology and modeling [PPTX], Shunrong Zhang (MIT Haystack Observatory)
- Ionospheric Conductance
- Ionospheric Conductance in Global MHD: [PPTX] Dan Welling (U-M)
- High-latitude conductance observations and data assimilation: [PDF] Ryan McGranaghan (CU)
- Ionospheric turbulence contribution to conductivity and global effects: Slava Merkin (APL)
- Magnetosphere-Ionosphere coupling processes in the thermosphere: [PPTX] Anna DeJong (CNU)
CEDAR-GEM Modeling Challenge meeting at the 2015 GEM Mini-Workshop:
Metrics and validation of TEC in large geographical areas:
- Validation of Ionospheric Models using COSMIC TEC Measurements [PPTX], Kenneth Dymond (NRL)
Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis:
- Ionospheric Models and Their Uncertainties [PPTX], Ludger Scherliess (USU)
Modeling Challenges in auroral region:
- Improving conductivity modeling for the satellite and assimilation age [PDF], Ryan McGranaghan (Univ. of Colorado)
- DMSP and ISS Auroral Charging Events [PDF], Joseph Minow (NASA)
CEDAR-GEM Modeling Challenge meeting at the 2015 CEDAR Workshop:
- Neutral density variability driven by geomagnetic forcing: Global Joule heating index [PDF], Mariangel Fedrizzi (CU/NOAA SWPC)
- Improvement in modeling of neutral density at high altitude [PDF], Eric Sutton (AFRL)
CEDAR-GEM Modeling Challenge meeting at the 2014 GEM Mini-Workshop:
Modeling challenges in auroral region:
Modeling challenges in TEC and neutral density:
CEDAR-GEM Challenge Meeting at the 2014 CEDAR Workshop
- Quantifying storm impact on TEC
- Quantifying storm impact on neutral density
- Storm-time effect parameterization in MSIS: Doug Drob, NRL
- Swapping of high latitude drivers
CEDAR-GEM Challenge meeting at the 2014 Space Weather Workshop:
- Possible ways (depending on applications) to quantify storm effects on TEC and neutral composition changes
- Validation of modeled plasma density changes during geomagnetic storms [PDF] (Tim Fuller-Rowell)
- Selecting Metrics for Specific Applications [PDF] (Aaron Ridley)
- Quantifying storm effects on neutral density
- CHAMP/Modeled orbit averaged neutral densities for GEM-CEDAR Challenge events [PDF] (Emine Ceren Kalafatoglu Eyiguler)
- Auroral boundary validation study
- Auroral model V&V [PDF] (Yihua Zheng)
- Global auroral boundaries from FUV imagers [PDF] (Yongliang Zhang)
- Swapping tools of high latitude drivers
- Different drivers for the TIEGCM for December 2006 [PDF] (Barbara Emery)
CEDAR-GEM Challenge meeting at the 2013 GEM Mini-Workshop:
Introduction: Masha Kuznetsova [PDF]
Quantifying the storm enery input:
- High latitude IT response during magnetic storms [PDF], Cheryl Y Huang (USAF AFMC AFRL/RVBXP)
- Relationship between nitric oxide and auroral heating/Poynting flux [PDF] , Dan Weimer (Virginia Tech)
- Ionization due to particle precipitation during the August 2011 storm [PDF], Yanshi Huang (Univ of New Mexico)
- Thermospheric mass density enhancement via soft electron precipitation [PDF], Binzheng Zhang (Dartmouth)
- Quantifying the storm effects on the modeled neutral density variations on the CHAMP satellite track [PDF], Emine Ceren Kalafatoglu Eyiguler (Istanbul Technical University/CCMC)
- High latitude energy dissipation compared with DMSP observations [PDF], Lutz Rastaetter (CCMC)
Role of drivers on IT model results:
- Conductivities consistent with FACs in the AMPERE-driven TIEGCM [PDF] (Art D. Richmond)
- High-latitude ionospheric drivers and their effects on wind patterns in the thermosphere [PDF] (Lucas Liuzzo, University of Michigan)
Build-up of plasma and structure at mid-latitudes:
- TEC and Ne changes during 2006 Dec. Storm [PDF] (Ja Soon Shim, CCMC)
Onset/timing/evolution of neutral composition change:
Model-data comparison for high inclination and polar orbiting satellite:
- ISS FPMU and DMSP SSIES Ne, Te data [PDF] (Joseph I. Minow, NASA, Marshall Space Flight)
- Preparation for a new model/data comparison project
CEDAR-GEM Challenge meeting at the 2013 CEDAR Workshop:
- MI coupling study: Tools for swapping drivers:
- Preliminary Results of Swapping Drivers [PDF], (JaSoon Shim)
- GITM Results for December 2006 and August 2001 [PDF], (Aaron Ridley)
- Model-Data Comparison:
- How to quantify storm impact on the ionosphere and thermosphere [PDF], (Tim Fuller-Rowell)
- Climatology study:
- Climatology study of IT models in low solar flux conditions [PDF], (Barbara Emery)
CEDAR-GEM Challenge meeting at the 2013 Space Weather Workshop:
- Opening remarks and project ideas [PDF], (Masha Kuznetsova)
- Sensitivity of model outputs to quality of input data [PDF], (Ja Soon Shim)
- GITM results from a few years of simulations [PDF], ( Aaron Ridley)
- High Latitude Drivers [PDF], (Geoff Crowley)
- Prompt Penetration Electric Fields [PDF], (Mihail Codrescu)
- How to quantify storm impact on the ionosphere and thermosphere [PDF], (Tim Fuller-Rowell)
- Thermosphere/Ionosphere Climate during Solar Cycle 23 [PDF], (Stan Solomon)
CEDAR-GEM mini workshop at the AGU 2012 Fall Meeting:
- Auroral Oval Boundaries and Joule Heating/Poynting Flux Metrics Study [PDF] (Y. Zheng, Col. C.Lane)
Presentations from CEDAR Workshop 2012 (Santa Fe, NM)
- Systematic assessment of IT models: TEC/NmF2/hmF2 during 2006 AGU Storm [PDF], by J.S. Shim
- GITM validation studies [PDF], by A. Ridley
- Effects of high-latitude drivers on IT model results: Preliminary results [PDF], by J.S. Shim
- ISWA Demo, D.Berrios
- CCMC Runs On Request demo, M.Kuznetsova
CEDAR-GEM mini workshop at the AGU 2011 Fall Meeting:
- Auroral Model V& V Efforts [PDF](Y. Zheng, Col. C.Lane)
- Magnetic Perturbations from Magnetosphere Models [PDF] (L.Rastaetter)
CEDAR-GEM 2011 Summer Workshop:
- Review of the first round of GEM and CEDAR Challenges results
- Highlights of the CEDAR ETI Challenge results and recent advances [PDF] (J-S. Shim)
- Effects of IT/geospace models coupling on metrics results
- Joule heating/Poynting flux model/data comparison. Very preliminary results.[PDF] (L. Rastaetter)
- Electrodynamics Discussion [PDF] (A. Ridley)
- DST index Challenge
- DST index challenge summary [PDF] (L. Rastaetter)
- RAM-SCB DST validation [PDF] (D. Welling)
- Challenges of the model-data comparison and how to address them
- Uncertainty analysis of model output [PDF] (R. Schunk)
- V&V Efforts of Auroral Precipitation Models: Preliminary Results [PDF] (Y. Zheng)
- Metrics for Global Time-Dependent Observational Data: TEC Example [PDF] (B. Emery, L. Goncharenko, A. Coster)